托福獨立寫作主體段的邏輯論證
來源：托福君TOEFL
小編：環(huán)球教育整理 892今天，托福君打算上來談?wù)劒毩懽髦黧w段的寫法。主體段的寫法嘛，肯定是上來就得先亮出你的論點(姿勢要簡潔有力，忌拖泥帶水)，然后用一兩句話引申和解釋一下這個論點(這里有套路)，再然后就是舉例(請用3句話搞定一個栗子)。如果按照這個套路來寫的話，一個主體段大概能湊出120-150字左右，是不是夠啦?
通常，主體段的第一句話，也就是論點，還是比較好寫的，因為在構(gòu)思階段，你已經(jīng)確定好了自己的2到3個主要論點是不是?那么問題應(yīng)該是，寫出一個論點后，該怎么對它進(jìn)一步elaborate呢?拋出論點然后直接舉例的做法是萬萬不能的，一來這樣太缺乏論證和細(xì)節(jié)，二來字?jǐn)?shù)也不夠哇。
今天這篇文章，就來寫一寫怎樣elaborate論點，或者說怎樣論證你的觀點。論證的方法除了舉例論證外，還有很多，比如因果論證、類比/對比論證、轉(zhuǎn)折論證、讓步論證、假設(shè)論證等等。事實上，邏輯清晰合理是主體段壓倒一切的首要要求。
一、假設(shè)論證
說到假設(shè)，恐怕大家第一個想到的就是if，請看下面這個高分范例的寫法：
Taking a wide variety of subjects provides a common core of knowledge for all educated people.(論點) If students limited their courses to their major fields of study, they would not have a broad view of the world. Their vision would be very narrow and they would not be able to exchange views with others whose education had been limited to the study of a different field.
那么除了if之外，還有哪些詞可以用來表達(dá)假設(shè)邏輯呢?
providing that
unless
as long as
on condition that
no matter how
造幾個句子吧：
1、如果你在一小時內(nèi)能還我，我就把字典借給你。
You can borrow my dictionary providing that you return it in an hour.
2、如果你分?jǐn)?shù)不夠漂亮，你就上不了大學(xué)。
You cannot go to university unless you have good grades.
3、如果我們隨便丟棄東西，環(huán)境污染就會越來越嚴(yán)重。
Pollution will get worse as long as we continue to live in a throwaway society.
4、如果錢被用來投資教育和醫(yī)療，那么很多發(fā)達(dá)國家就愿意放棄收回那些第三世界的借貸。
Many developed countries are willing to waive the Third World debt on condition that the money is reinvested in education and medicine.
5、很多國家就算再努力也無法改變財政赤字了。
Some countries will never be able to rectify their deficits no matter how they work hard.
二、因果論證
因果邏輯詞實在是太多了，大家都該信手拈來了吧。
例：
Serious TV shows can be used as supplementary teaching tools.(論點) For many American students, once they get back home, the first thing that they do is to turn on the television. Therefore, recommending to their students serious TV shows that contain reflections on history, economy, science or social justice can really help teachers extend teaching into their students’ leisure time.
