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小編:長(zhǎng)安 329得聽(tīng)力者得托福,托??荚嚨乃膫€(gè)部分中,三個(gè)部分都考查聽(tīng)力理解能力。事實(shí)上,作為語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的輸入端,聽(tīng)力能力對(duì)于托??荚嚮蚪窈蟮膶W(xué)習(xí)生活而言是至關(guān)重要的。托福以真實(shí)環(huán)境中的校園場(chǎng)景對(duì)話(huà)和學(xué)術(shù)講座為材料,幫助學(xué)習(xí)者適應(yīng)全英文的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境。
希望獲得托福聽(tīng)力高分或滿(mǎn)分,要掌握五個(gè)要素。五個(gè)要素為詞、聽(tīng)、理、體、型。
五個(gè)要素
“詞”為五要素之首為,托??荚嚿婕八囆g(shù)、生命科學(xué)、自然科學(xué)、社會(huì)科學(xué)四大學(xué)科,44個(gè)話(huà)題,考察學(xué)術(shù)環(huán)境下的聽(tīng)力能力,要求考生掌握8000左右詞匯量,其中包括學(xué)科專(zhuān)有詞匯。良好的詞匯基礎(chǔ)就是聽(tīng)力高分的必要因素。
那么不同年級(jí)的同學(xué)如何準(zhǔn)備詞匯呢?小學(xué)和初中階段備考同學(xué)可以按照初中詞匯、高中詞匯、四級(jí)詞匯、托福詞匯的順序進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)備,高中階段的同學(xué)可以按照高中詞匯、四級(jí)詞匯、托福詞匯的順序備考,大學(xué)階段的同學(xué)可以考慮從四級(jí)詞匯或托福詞匯開(kāi)始備考。
確定詞匯記憶的范圍后,我們還需要注意托福聽(tīng)力的詞匯記憶不同于閱讀的詞匯記憶,雖然兩者的范圍相當(dāng),但記憶方法卻截然不同。閱讀講究用“看”的方式來(lái)識(shí)詞,而聽(tīng)力則要用聽(tīng)的方式。因此記單詞的時(shí)候可以采取“看-聽(tīng)”同步的形式熟練生詞發(fā)音,即時(shí)反應(yīng),盡量達(dá)到2秒內(nèi)精準(zhǔn)輸出生詞意思。
此外還可以采用“短時(shí)間,多重復(fù),溫故習(xí)新”的方式,盡量縮短記憶單詞的周期,如用10-20天完成21個(gè)list的詞匯記憶(根據(jù)個(gè)人情況),第一遍達(dá)到60-70%熟練,緊接著開(kāi)始第二輪、第三輪的復(fù)習(xí)記憶達(dá)到98%以上熟練;溫故習(xí)新即開(kāi)始記憶新生詞前先復(fù)習(xí)已記憶生詞,減少詞匯遺忘比例。
“聽(tīng)”,托福聽(tīng)力學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中,“聽(tīng)”先于“記”,同學(xué)們需要確保聽(tīng)懂聽(tīng)力的基礎(chǔ)上,加強(qiáng)筆記。
如何提升聽(tīng)的能力呢?我們可以采用泛聽(tīng)與精聽(tīng)結(jié)合的方式。 泛聽(tīng)即廣泛的聽(tīng),用于培養(yǎng)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)感,目的在于在聽(tīng)力練習(xí)中以掌握文章的整體意思。
因此,泛聽(tīng)并不要要求百分之百聽(tīng)懂聽(tīng)力材料中的所有細(xì)節(jié),只求聽(tīng)懂大意。備考的同學(xué)可以選擇自己喜歡的方式練習(xí)泛聽(tīng),如看美劇、聽(tīng)英文歌、 模仿英語(yǔ)演講、聽(tīng)英文廣播等。精聽(tīng)材料盡量選擇TPO或與考試學(xué)科、難度相近的資料。學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中需要進(jìn)行精讀、精聽(tīng)、模仿跟讀、影子跟讀、口述輸出。
“理”,這里指的是聽(tīng)力的邏輯規(guī)律。托福聽(tīng)力需要掌握一些基礎(chǔ)的邏輯論證框架和出題規(guī)律,如問(wèn)題-解決方案、舉例論證、對(duì)比論證、因果論證、分類(lèi)論證、反對(duì)-贊同等。
如TPO27-L1體現(xiàn)論證體現(xiàn)事物的因果關(guān)系
Mangrove root systems have the ability to absorb and, well, trap sediments and pollutants in water that flow through them before they enter the ocean.This of course has beneficial results for the nearby coral reefs.
原因:紅樹(shù)的根系統(tǒng)可吸收水中的沉積物,攔截流經(jīng)的污染物,阻止其進(jìn)入海洋。
結(jié)果:附近的珊瑚受益。
What does the professor imply about the impact of mangrove forests on coral-reef ecosystems?(TPO27-L1)
A mangrove forests provide habitat for wildlife that feed on coral predators
B mangrove forests improve the water quality of nearby reefs
C mangrove forests can produce sediments that pollute coral habitats
D mangrove forests compete with nearby coral reefs for certain nutrients
從題目來(lái)看the impact of mangrove forests on coral-reef ecosystems,impact(影響)也體現(xiàn)了潛在的因果關(guān)系。
“體”,即文體。托福聽(tīng)力考察文體大致可以分為藝術(shù)類(lèi)和科學(xué)類(lèi)。
學(xué)科出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題的考生面臨的問(wèn)題除詞匯外,時(shí)常還存在文體問(wèn)題。如何破解文體考點(diǎn)呢?藝術(shù)類(lèi)和科學(xué)類(lèi)有著不同的出題思路。以藝術(shù)類(lèi)聽(tīng)力為例,聽(tīng)力材料常涉及藝術(shù)家、藝術(shù)史等問(wèn)題,這部分聽(tīng)力過(guò)程中需要注意藝術(shù)家的創(chuàng)作、作品特色、影響創(chuàng)作的經(jīng)歷、藝術(shù)家或其藝術(shù)品與其他藝術(shù)家或藝術(shù)品的關(guān)系等。而科學(xué)類(lèi)的聽(tīng)力,則要求考生理解科學(xué)研究的方法:通過(guò)現(xiàn)象觀(guān)察-提出假設(shè)-預(yù)測(cè)-驗(yàn)證-正確(重復(fù)試驗(yàn))/錯(cuò)誤(提出新的假設(shè))’’
雙選細(xì)節(jié)題是考生們比較容易丟分的題,這類(lèi)題的難度在于選對(duì)兩道題才能得分。大部分同學(xué)因漏聽(tīng)部分信息,或錯(cuò)選一個(gè)選項(xiàng)而失分。那么如何提升這部分題的正確率呢?同學(xué)們提升聽(tīng)力能力的同時(shí)還需要加強(qiáng)記憶,筆記是十分重要的。聽(tīng)力材料的重點(diǎn)在哪里?合適應(yīng)該記筆記?都取決于考點(diǎn)。
如下述考題便考察藝術(shù)家作品的特點(diǎn),在聽(tīng)力原文中,教授提到Neel的繪畫(huà)采用大膽的顏色表達(dá)情感,面部為現(xiàn)實(shí)主義,拉伸的人像為印象主義。該細(xì)節(jié)信息一方面體現(xiàn)藝術(shù)類(lèi)講座等文體考點(diǎn),另一方面從細(xì)節(jié)上支撐論證了該藝術(shù)家的特色—現(xiàn)實(shí)主義與表現(xiàn)主義的融合。
First, Neel’s use of bold color, all right? You’ll see she uses color to convey emotion and feeling, like the subject’s clothing, for instance. It appears brighter than it really is. And the subjects, people being portrayed, Neel paid special attention to faces. The way she paints the eyes and how the faces are portrayed, these are quite realistic, like the realists were. But another thing Neel did was use elongated, sort of stretchy figures.
According to the professor, what two aspects of Neel's work are characteristic of Expressionism? Click on 2 answers.(TPO21-L4)
A. The depiction of unusual object
B. The way the subjects' faces are portrayed
C. The shape of the subjects' bodies
D. The use of color in the paintings
本題考查藝術(shù)家的兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)之一,表現(xiàn)主義。在講座開(kāi)始部分,教授提問(wèn)關(guān)于表現(xiàn)主義的特點(diǎn),女學(xué)生回答藝術(shù)家嘗試將其情感很好地通過(guò)繪畫(huà)形式表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。同時(shí),教授認(rèn)同這一觀(guān)點(diǎn)。
Student:Um, it's into emotion, like artists are trying to, well, express themselves through the painting. Right?
Professor:Yep, the artist is depicting subjective emotions-showing the inner reality as interpreted by the artist, rather than the outward form, so the image itself might be distorted or exaggerated in some way.
“型”,即題型。按照考試要求,托福聽(tīng)力分為三大類(lèi)別、八大題型。
三大類(lèi)別包括考生除需要理解出題思路和解題方法,不同題型解題方法不同,如細(xì)節(jié)題,聽(tīng)的時(shí)候過(guò)程需要從文體上關(guān)注內(nèi)容考點(diǎn)的同時(shí),記錄邏輯方面考點(diǎn)和語(yǔ)用考點(diǎn),如實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康?、過(guò)程和方法、舉例、解釋、因果、對(duì)比、解題、重復(fù)、強(qiáng)調(diào)等。解題過(guò)程則需要注意正確選項(xiàng)大多為近義替換。
不論藝術(shù)或科學(xué)類(lèi)的講座,對(duì)比都是??家c(diǎn),如TPO30-L2的雙選題,問(wèn)教授對(duì)于Oviraptor的態(tài)度,講座中提到Oviraptor原本的含義是“偷蛋的賊”,后來(lái)其他的學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)這類(lèi)恐龍并非在偷蛋,相反,他們?cè)诜醯?。從科學(xué)研究的角度新的發(fā)現(xiàn)和舊的認(rèn)知形成對(duì)比。
In the 1920s, a paleontologist discovered the fossil remains of a small dinosaur near a nest containing eggs.He assumed the dinosaur was stealing the eggs, so he named it "Oviraptor."That means "egg thief" in Latin...which fueled the generally negative public image of such dinosaurs.
But by the 1990s, other experts had convincingly made the case that instead of
robbing the nest; the Oviraptor was probably taking care of the eggs. You see,
dinosaurs’ closest living relatives – birds and crocodiles – display nesting behavior.
And dinosaur fossils have been found in postures that we now believe to indicate
brooding behavior, that is, sitting on the eggs until they hatch.
2 what is the professor's attitude toward the name "Oviraptor"? Click on 2 answers (TPO30-L2)
A it accurately represents the behaviour of the dinosaur
B it resulted from an incorrect of the original Latin term
C it was based on a misunderstanding of the fossil evidence
D it influenced popular attitudes toward dinosaurs
在理解出題要點(diǎn)后,聽(tīng)力過(guò)程中有意識(shí)地記錄對(duì)比的部分,解題的時(shí)候注意出題原則和方法就能做到事半功倍。