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SAT/ACT/SSAT

眾里尋他千百度——論SAT閱讀正誤選項(xiàng)辨析

2021-06-28

來(lái)源:環(huán)球教育

小編:長(zhǎng)安 806
摘要:

  閱讀,向來(lái)是參加英語(yǔ)考試的考生水平的重要試金石。無(wú)論是托福還是SAT,要達(dá)到閱讀高分,毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)得靠扎實(shí)的閱讀能力。但說(shuō)到能力,不同的考試對(duì)“能力”的定義和要求各有不同,達(dá)到托福的閱讀要求的考生(比如閱讀已經(jīng)26+)卻未必能夠在65分鐘內(nèi)把五篇長(zhǎng)短不一,題材+各異,各含10題-11題的SAT文章做完且達(dá)到350分及以上的成績(jī)(錯(cuò)題少于8個(gè))。

  可見(jiàn),托福閱讀的能力要求與SAT閱讀并不完全相同。SAT的閱讀能力到底是什么?這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案可以有很多,但筆者今天重點(diǎn)要討論的是其中的一個(gè)方面:SAT的正誤選項(xiàng)的辨識(shí)能力。


  這一切都要從SAT改革說(shuō)起。隨著SAT改革,大學(xué)理事會(huì)(CollegeBoard)越來(lái)越多強(qiáng)調(diào)以證據(jù)為依托(Evidence-Based),以及高應(yīng)用性單詞的認(rèn)知(HighUtilityVocabulary)。這些傾向的轉(zhuǎn)移,體現(xiàn)在題目上的特征就是選項(xiàng)為一個(gè)或兩個(gè)單詞的題目數(shù)量降低(如下題1),取而代之的是目前以句子為主的選項(xiàng)設(shè)置。

  題1

  Waverlycharacterizes June’s advertisement as

  (A)unsophisticated and heavy-handed

  (B)somber and convoluted

  (C)clear and concise

  (D)humorous and effective

  (E)clever and lively

  題2

  Tocquevillein Passage 1 would most likely characterize the position taken byMill in lines 65-69 in Passage 2 (“Let . . . them”) as

  A)less radical about gender roles than it might initially seem. ?

  B)persuasive in the abstract but difficult to implement inpractice. ?

  C)ill-advised but consistent with a view held by some otheradvocates of gender equality. ?

  D)compatible with economic progress in the United States but notin Europe. ?

  大學(xué)理事會(huì)如此改革的理由固然很多,這里就不一一贅述。但造成的能力要求的改變顯而易見(jiàn),如對(duì)單詞廣度要求削弱,對(duì)加長(zhǎng)的選項(xiàng)的閱讀速度和精準(zhǔn)度提高。在改革后的SAT中,學(xué)生做不完題的現(xiàn)象越發(fā)明顯,很大程度上也拜冗長(zhǎng)的題干與選項(xiàng)所賜。那么在增加的閱讀量面前,我們有沒(méi)有什么辦法能快速辨識(shí)選項(xiàng)的正誤呢?

  了解這個(gè)問(wèn)題,得先知道選擇題的設(shè)置方式。無(wú)論是托福還是SAT,我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn),一個(gè)包含四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的題目,基本沒(méi)有哪個(gè)題目是含有2-3個(gè)混淆選項(xiàng)的,即學(xué)生只會(huì)在正確選項(xiàng)和某個(gè)固定的選項(xiàng)上猶豫糾結(jié),而另外兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)幾乎所有學(xué)生都能輕易排除。

  為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象呢?為什么沒(méi)有一道考題是含有除正確選項(xiàng)之外包含了三個(gè)同等混淆度的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)呢?原來(lái),出題方在出題時(shí),除了得為考試的效度和信度考慮,還有一個(gè)不得不考慮額外的要素:成本。

  而出題成本除了文章選材難易度的把控之外,很重要的是對(duì)選項(xiàng)的設(shè)計(jì),如何能讓選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤和正確得既具有迷惑又沒(méi)有爭(zhēng)議,這個(gè)看似簡(jiǎn)單的要求其實(shí)難度很高,真實(shí)的出題時(shí)往往需要多輪審核才能確定一道題目選項(xiàng)的措辭。

  可見(jiàn),迷惑性選項(xiàng)越多,耗費(fèi)的成本越大。于是,在成本的壓力下,所有的題目的選項(xiàng)設(shè)置都朝著信效度與成本的平衡點(diǎn)這個(gè)單一方向“趨同進(jìn)化”,即形成了目前2+1+1的模式:2個(gè)易于排除的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng),1個(gè)具有迷惑性的混淆選項(xiàng)和1個(gè)具有隱蔽性正確選項(xiàng)。于是,考試的時(shí)候如何有效抗拒那1個(gè)混淆選項(xiàng)的干擾,選出那個(gè)正確選項(xiàng),就成了關(guān)鍵。

  下面我們就來(lái)看看,這些錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)在考試?yán)镉心男┏尸F(xiàn)方式。

  很多同學(xué)在看選項(xiàng)時(shí),習(xí)慣于關(guān)注選項(xiàng)的詞匯正確與否。這固然沒(méi)錯(cuò),但很多時(shí)候由于自身實(shí)力不夠強(qiáng)大,基礎(chǔ)不夠扎實(shí),在看選項(xiàng)時(shí)無(wú)法快速分辨詞義的差別,或是會(huì)在很多細(xì)部過(guò)于糾結(jié),即便做對(duì),也會(huì)浪費(fèi)很多無(wú)用的時(shí)間。比如下面這題:

  原文:

  Everyday, millions of shoppers hit the stores in full force—both onlineand on foot—searching frantically for the perfect gift. Last year,Americans spent over $30 billion at retail stores in the month ofDecember alone. Aside from purchasing holiday

  gifts,most people regularly buy presents for other occasions throughout theyear, including weddings, birthdays, anniversaries, graduations, andbaby showers.

  題目

  Theauthors most likely use the examples in lines 1-9 of the passage(“Every . . . showers”) to highlight the

  A)regularity with which people shop for gifts.

  B)recent increase in the amount of money spent on gifts.

  C)anxiety gift shopping causes for consumers.

  D)number of special occasions involving gift-giving.

  很多學(xué)生容易誤選B選項(xiàng)。因?yàn)樵牡摹癿illionsof ”“$30 billion”“most people” “throughout theyear”容易讓學(xué)生在閱讀后留下“錢花的很多”的印象。而根據(jù)這個(gè)印象來(lái)做選項(xiàng),學(xué)生極易被錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)B吸引(increase=多,amountof money =錢,文字似乎很對(duì)應(yīng)),同時(shí)對(duì)正確的A選項(xiàng)視而不見(jiàn)(regularity過(guò)于抽象)。但如果教師在教學(xué)時(shí)僅僅告訴學(xué)生regularity與原文是對(duì)應(yīng)的(如every day, in fullforce,throughout theyear)與increase在原文中并沒(méi)有體現(xiàn),這是不夠的。

  因?yàn)檫@樣的解釋固然可以解釋這道題,但卻沒(méi)有提出一個(gè)方法可以來(lái)一勞永逸地解決所有問(wèn)題,達(dá)到正確率的穩(wěn)定輸出。說(shuō)白了,這道題我解決了,下一個(gè)題目,換了一個(gè)詞,我該怎么辦?有沒(méi)有什么可以操作的思考框架(Framework)

  有!的!

  框架一,錯(cuò)誤的邏輯關(guān)系

  給原本正確的選項(xiàng)滲入一些常見(jiàn)的邏輯關(guān)系詞,展現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤的邏輯關(guān)系。最常見(jiàn)的有比較類(Compare& Contrast)類詞匯。

  比如,表達(dá)比較類的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)經(jīng)常含有

  more/less than, same, different,similar, share, while, whereas, but, however, etc. 如下題

  原文:

  Paradoxically,although amphibians have proven themselves to be survivors in thepast, there are reasons for thinking that they might be vulnerable tocurrent environmental challenges and, hence, serve as multipurposesentinels of environmental health.

  題目:

  The author impliesthat the study of frogs and other amphibians is especially importantbecause these species

  A)aresensitive to environmental changes that might affect other species inthe future.

  B)have lessability to adapt to changing environmental conditions than otherspecies do.

  C)are exposedto morepredators and parasites than other species are.

  D)embody theprinciples of evolution moreclearly and linearly than other species do.

  除A外,B,C,D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不約而同地含有l(wèi)ess/more/more三個(gè)比較詞,也就意味著,BCD任一一個(gè)選項(xiàng)如果正確,必須在原文中投射類似的邏輯關(guān)系。而原文的核心詞是關(guān)于兩棲類動(dòng)物是否能生存的討論,并不存在ability,predator和parasite以及clearly與linearly的對(duì)比,排除BCD順理成章。

  試想,如果讓考生根據(jù)這3個(gè)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容來(lái)排除,學(xué)生必然會(huì)把選項(xiàng)里的abilityto adapt to changing environment, principles ofevolution跟原文的vulnerableto current environmentchallenges等內(nèi)容進(jìn)行反復(fù)對(duì)比和解讀,不僅浪費(fèi)時(shí)間,而且命中率的波動(dòng)幅度大,無(wú)法預(yù)測(cè)。

  另外,除了上述提到的較為明顯的比較詞外,選項(xiàng)中還有一些不易發(fā)現(xiàn)的,本身含義無(wú)比較,但在邏輯上卻暗示了對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯,比如:

  理想vs現(xiàn)實(shí)的比較詞:unexpected,surprising, unanticipated, unusually, etc.

  數(shù)量vs增減的比較詞:increase, raise,decrease, decline etc.

  新鮮vs陳舊:recent, new,change, now, etc.

  現(xiàn)在我們可以回到之前的那道題,我們已經(jīng)有了一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的思考框架,從比較(Compare& Contrast)的角度來(lái)審視選項(xiàng)。

  題目

  Theauthors most likely use the examples in lines 1-9 of the passage(“Every . . . showers”) to highlight the

  A)regularity with which people shop for gifts.

  B)recent increasein the amount of money spent on gifts.

  從上面的比較詞可知,Increase屬于比較詞的一部分,于是當(dāng)我們?cè)谶x項(xiàng)里看到類似詞匯的時(shí)候,我們就有了思考方向:文章里到底有沒(méi)有數(shù)量的比較。學(xué)生的思路,就可以從字面的含義,提升到邏輯的層面(比較)來(lái)理解和認(rèn)知選項(xiàng),而邏輯排除永遠(yuǎn)快于字面排除,因?yàn)檫壿嫷乃伎紡?fù)雜度遠(yuǎn)比單詞本身的繁雜度來(lái)的有限且可窮舉。

  同樣的,讓我們?cè)倏磦€(gè)例子

  Withina few decades, these firms may be?meetingearthly demands for precious metals, such asplatinumand gold, and the rare earth elements vital for personal electronics,such as yttrium and lanthanum.

  Theauthor of Passage 1 indicates that space mining could have whichpositive effect?

  A)It could yield materials important to Earth’s economy.

  B)It could raisethe value of some precious metals on Earth.

  C)It could create unanticipatedtechnological innovations.

  D)It could changescientists’ understanding of space resources.

  從上題的BCD3個(gè)選項(xiàng)可以看到,B選手是針對(duì)value的比較關(guān)系,C選項(xiàng)是針對(duì)innovation是否符合預(yù)期的對(duì)比,D選項(xiàng)是針對(duì)科學(xué)家理解的前后對(duì)比。從原文中不存在這3類比較,或者確切的說(shuō),原文沒(méi)有比較,于是BCD排除起來(lái)就會(huì)十分的容易。

  除了選項(xiàng)以外,很多題干里有蘊(yùn)含了隱蔽的比較關(guān)系,比如看下面這題

  Intuitionsuggests that more of that aroma should be even more appealing tobees. “We have this assumption that a really fragrant flower isgoing to attract a lot of pollinators,” says Theis, a chemical ecologistat Elms Collegein Chicopee, Massachusetts. But, she adds, that ideahasn’t really been tested—and extra scent could well call in morebeetles, too.

  Theauthor indicates that it seems initiallyplausible that Texas gourd plants could attract more pollinators ifthey

  A)did not have aromatic flowers.

  B)targeted insects other than bees.

  C)increased their floral scent.

  D)emitted more varied fragrant compounds.

  上題的題干里的Initially,中文翻譯為:一開始,在邏輯上的意義其實(shí)是跟后文作對(duì)比,意味著后文要發(fā)生改變。而文字上,對(duì)于要發(fā)生改變,跟前文不一樣的內(nèi)容,通常是以轉(zhuǎn)折詞,對(duì)比詞的方式出現(xiàn)。這樣我們?cè)谧x原文的時(shí)候,就有了閱讀重點(diǎn)。在這兒,這個(gè)重點(diǎn)詞就是but。文章既然問(wèn)的是initially的內(nèi)容,從邏輯角度來(lái)看,就應(yīng)該是考察轉(zhuǎn)折詞but前的內(nèi)容。

  Intuitionsuggests that more of that aroma should be even more appealing tobees. “We have this assumption that a really fragrant flower isgoing to attract a lot of pollinators,” says Theis, a chemical ecologistat Elms Collegein Chicopee, Massachusetts. But,she adds, that idea hasn’t really been tested—and extra scentcould well call in more beetles, too.

  最后的總結(jié)

  本文提出了一個(gè)SAT閱讀教學(xué)的思考的方向,即如何教授學(xué)生在一定程度上挑出字面的內(nèi)容,從一個(gè)固定的思維框架來(lái)審視和排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng),減少時(shí)間消耗。學(xué)生在掌握的框架后,即可以在很大程度上在沒(méi)有老師的情況下,也知道該以什么角度來(lái)思考,且能夠達(dá)到穩(wěn)定的思考輸出,筆者覺(jué)得,這一點(diǎn),才是教學(xué)中最重要的內(nèi)容。


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